Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The explosions killed three people and injured an estimated 264 others. AP File Photo/Patrick Semansky. [104] Future President George Washington took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. [333], There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties. Claim: The 1866 "Ex parte Milligan" precludes states from enforcing regulations that prevent residents from freely traveling or earning a living. [199] There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts. Increasing temperatures coupled with increasing precipitation will result in earlier snow melts and subsequent drier soil in the summer months. [137] Other notable Bay State politicians on the national level included John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House in the 1960s, and Tip O'Neill, whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history. [406][407] Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as Division III, where MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, "2015 State Scorecard Rank—Massachusetts", "Boston Takes Top Spot Again in City Energy Efficiency Scorecard", "Massachusetts Regional Planning Agencies", "Air Travel's Hassles Drive Riders to Amtrak's Acela", "T announces summer Cape Cod train service", The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority, "Massachusetts Passenger and Freight Rail", "Massachusetts State Rail Plan, May 2018", "Massachusetts State Fact Sheet: Rail Fast Facts For 2017", "Public Use Airports Locations | Mass.gov", "2018 Massachusetts Road Inventory Year End Report", "Gerry Studds Dies at 69; First Openly Gay Congressman", "Massachusetts Set to Offer Universal Health Insurance", "Massachusetts Makes Health Insurance Mandatory", "Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. [361] Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield,[140] Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution,[140][362] the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the industrial revolution in the US,[140] the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston,[363] and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park[140] all showcase various periods of Massachusetts's history. [311], The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the executive council, as are all other judges in the state. Massachusetts is home to four major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics,[400] nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox,[401] six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins,[402] and six-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is currently the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015", "State's population growth on stagnant course", "Minorities account for state population growth", "The most Irish town in America is named using US census data", "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot", "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates—Chinese alone, Massachusetts", "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates", "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES—2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates", "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States—2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates", "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES—2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates", "Lowell hopes to put 'Little Cambodia' on the map", "2011-2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables", "Indian Reservations in the Continental United States", "Bostonians /r/ Speaking: A Quantitative Look at (R) in Boston", "Headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association", "The UUA to Sell its Beacon Hill Properties, Move to Innovation District", "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report", "2015-16 SAT Performance Statewide Report", "The 10 Best U.S. States for Education—2. He was considered an expert on the common law. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland. [152] Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of grey seals. [278] This overlaps with the service areas of neighboring regional transportation authorities. [231] As of January 2020, Massachusetts state general minimum wage is $13.50 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $5.55 an hour. Author explores the personalities of the men who argued Plessy v. Ferguson, one of the Supreme Court’s worst decisions. [287], As of 2018, a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts, with Class I railroad CSX being the largest carrier, and another Class 1, Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership. The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition, only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County. [60] This decision was eventually superseded by the U.S. Supreme Court's affirmation of same-sex marriage in the United States in 2015. [52] The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. [262] In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States[263][264] while Boston is the most efficient city,[265] but it had the fourth-highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state. [275], Outside of Boston, Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts, along the aforementioned Acela, Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited, and Downeaster lines, as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts. [334], Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town. Court Orders Tiger King’s Jeff Lowe to Hand over Big Cat Cubs and Their Mothers . [381][382][383], Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. [52] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards. [244] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components. The Supreme Court late Wednesday, Nov. 25. Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter, which connects St. Albans, Vermont to Washington DC.[275]. [138] It was included in the 2016 United States presidential election ballot in Massachusetts as an indirectly initiated state statute.[139]. Eight years later, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney (Republican nominee) lost to Barack Obama in 2012. Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises, which operates ferry services in and around Greater Boston under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. [76] Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states. For the indigenous people, see, Map of the United States with Massachusetts highlighted. [239], Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. New Jersey", "#26 The Governors Academy, Byfield, Mass", "Harvard Plans to Name First Female President", "These Are the Best Private High Schools in America, According to a New Ranking", "How States Are Spending Money in Education", "Are the nation's twelfth-graders making progress in mathematics and reading? Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[61] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[62] and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 and 14.8% were over 65. [119] Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson made major contributions to American philosophy. Residents can schedule a remote assessment using the program's website or phone line. Today, Christians make up 57% of the state's population, with Protestants making up 21% of them. [283] Service between the two islands is also offered. [86] This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. Roman Catholics make up 34% and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions—chiefly Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. Although the documentation is incomplete, about 1,700 letters of marque, issued on a per-voyage basis, were granted during the American Revolution. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States. The shifting climate in Massachusetts will result in a significant change to the built environment and ecosystems. [91][92], In 1641, Massachusetts expanded inland significantly, acquiring the Connecticut River Valley settlement of Springfield, which had recently disputed with, and defected from its original administrators, the Connecticut Colony. [143] Currently, forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts. [340][341] The voters of these now-defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. U.S. Supreme Court Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 4 Wall. Boston's South Station serves as the terminus for three lines, namely the high-speed Acela Express, which links to cities such as Providence, New Haven, New York City, and eventually Washington DC; the Northeast Regional, which follows the same route but includes many more stops, and also continues further south to Newport News in Virginia; and the Lake Shore Limited, which runs westward to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch; duties of the governor include signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard. [342], Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. These warmer temperatures will also increase the prevalence of mosquitos, a carrier of the West Nile virus. [75] While the designation "Commonwealth" forms part of the state's official name, it has no practical implications. [389] Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th-highest in the country. Opposition to continued construction grew, and in 1970 Governor Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area. In 1652 the Massachusetts legislature authorized John Hull to produce coinage (mintmaster). The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as "The T",[268] operates public transportation in the form of subway,[269] bus,[270] and ferry[271] systems in the Metro Boston area. [90] Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay elsewhere in New England. "[96][better source needed], In 1691, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united (along with present-day Maine, which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York) into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. [403] The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780[110] made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute.) [224] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance. [179], As of 2014, in terms of race and ethnicity, Massachusetts was 83.2% White (73.7% Non-Hispanic White), 8.8% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American and Alaska Native, 6.3% Asian American, <0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.1% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. Out of the state house's 160 seats, Democrats hold 127 seats (79%) compared to the Republican Party's 32 seats (20%), an independent sits in the remaining one,[322] and 34 out of the 40 seats in the state senate (85%) belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party's six seats (15%). Despite the state's Democratic-leaning tendency, Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor: only one Democrat (Deval Patrick) has served as governor since 1991, and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2018, Republican nominees garnered 48.4% of the vote compared to 45.7% for Democratic nominees. Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation; there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level. [149], Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway, a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast. Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage. The European corn borer, a significant agricultural pest, was first found in North America near Boston, Massachusetts in 1917.[157]. [366] The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year. [171] This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Ferry services are operated throughout different regions of the states. )[78], Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. 2. Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. [288] Massachusetts has a total of 1,110 miles (1,790 km) of freight trackage in operation. Seuss". [211], In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report. The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political disagreements. [178], As of 2015, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third-most densely populated U.S. state, with 871.0 people per square mile,[179] behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. [68], The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, whose name likely derived from a Wôpanâak word muswachasut, segmented as mus(ây) "big" + wach8 "mountain" + -s "diminutive" + -ut "locative" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the Wôpanâak orthographic chart). [53] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[54] for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution. A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid-20th century, and at times were controversial, particularly the intent to route I-95 northeastwards from Providence, Rhode Island, directly through central Boston, first proposed in 1948. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas,[147] and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form. He asked that a writ of Quo warranto (a legal action requiring the defendant to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, or franchise they claim to hold) be issued against Massachusetts for the violations. This was the first time that the Supreme Court reversed a state criminal conviction due to a violation of a constitutional provision … [291][292] Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency. [379] In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. [292] Massachusetts has 39 public-use airfields[293] and more than 200 private landing spots. Shifting temperatures also result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and the intensification of precipitation events. An … [135] In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U.S. senate with Edward Brooke. A number of cases were tried before the Supreme Court of the United States during the period of the American Civil War. [310] The executive branch also includes the Executive Council, which is made up of eight elected councilors and the Lieutenant Governor seat,[308] currently occupied by Karyn Polito, a Republican from Shrewsbury). In 2015, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third-healthiest overall. The plan calls for major investments in offshore wind and solar energy and would require all new automobiles sold to be zero-emissions (electric or hydrogen powered) by 2035. [79][80] While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, these tribes were generally dependent on hunting, gathering and fishing for most of their food. [131], In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. [260] There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection. [132] It connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway (much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway), and improved traffic conditions along with several routes.[132][133]. [145] There are currently 219 endangered species in Massachusetts. ‘They Were Planning a Civil War’: Feds Charge Men with Bringing Weapons into U.S. Capitol During Siege . There are a total of 36,800 miles (59,200 km) of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts. [159][160][161] The Northeast is projected to warm faster than global average temperatures; by 2035, the Northeast is "projected to be more than 3.6°F (2°C) warmer on average than during the preindustrial era". [49] Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. [409][410], Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Butch Johnson, Nancy Kerrigan, Todd Richards, Albina Osipowich, Aly Raisman, and Susan Rojcewicz. [233] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2014" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th-best state in the nation for business,[234] and for the second year in a row the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America. [112], In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. [117][118], Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony dating back to the early 1600s, in the years leading up to the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center of progressivist and abolitionist activity. [167] Once installed, arrays are eligible for net metering. As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the MBTA and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.[279][280]. [129] In Eastern Massachusetts, following World War II, the economy was transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service-based economy. [353][354] Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston. [375] The other market surrounds the Springfield area. [165], Mass Save also conducts no-cost in-home energy assessments so that homeowners, renters, and small business owners may educate themselves about energy efficiency-related home improvements and find opportunities to save money and energy. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science serve as the world headquarters of this new religious movement. [66] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance. Far southeast coastal areas are the broad transition zone to Humid Subtropical climates. Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state. [250] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day. [307], The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Several routes connect the downtown area with Hingham, Hull, Winthrop, Salem, Logan Airport, Charlestown, and some of the islands located within the harbor. [126] This decline would continue into the latter half of the century; between 1950 and 1979, the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000. [144] The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley. [377][378], The Boston Globe, Boston Herald, Springfield Republican, and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette are Massachusetts's largest daily newspapers. [46] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. The U.S. Supreme Court in 1896 ruled in Plessy v. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage after a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling in November 2003 determined that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional. [305][306] Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law. [391][392] There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state. The same company also operates seasonal service between Boston and Provincetown. Massachusetts is the 7th-smallest state in the United States. Until recently, Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston, however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era. [102] Anti-Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775. Frosts are frequent all winter, even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds. ", "The United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service", "An Introduction to UMass Medical School", "College Basketball Teams—Division I Teams", "Cornell Rowing Excels at Eastern Sprints", Professional Golfers' Association of America, The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action, Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism, Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Office of Housing and Economic Development, Office of Labor and Workforce Development, cities with populations exceeding 100,000, Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters, Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts&oldid=1001270168, States and territories established in 1788, States of the East Coast of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with dead external links from June 2018, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Articles with failed verification from September 2019, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [248] Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.[249]. [236] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision. [101] In 1774, the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy, increasing local dissent. ", "New England Neptune: Massachusetts State Shell", "The Official Massachusetts State Quarter", "Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S", "Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts", "Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries", "Springfield Armory: Technology in Transition", "The First Great Awakening—Jonathan Edwards", "The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts", "Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts", "Springfield College: The Birthplace of Basketball", "The International Volleyball Hall of Fame", "Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage", "Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All", "Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee", "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way? Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden; or, Life in the Woods. The state is home to two Division I FBS teams, Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst. [106] On the coast, Salem became a center for privateering. [308] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811 foreign-born residents or 15% of the population. On Monday, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court unanimously ruled that state court officers are not legally permitted to comply with ICE detainers. The following cases were among the most significant. [345], Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature. [180][181], Like the rest of the Northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations. [338] Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County,[339] the largest county in the state by population. Massachusettsan (recommended by the U.S. GPO)[9], Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ (listen), /-zɪts/), officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. [170], As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources’ effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy, the MOR-EV, or Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles initiative was created. 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