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- . Aires Hobby produces 1/32 scale resin replacement cockpits, speed brakes and exhausts for both the Gr.1 and the IDS versions. So when operating without a Nimrod the Tornado was limited to firing Sea Eagle well inside the missile’s normal launch range” – Wing Commander Gordon Robertson (retd) in ‘Tornado Boys‘. “In Desert Storm against a lesser enemy than the Tornado was created to defeat it suffered badly. Bit of a mong race as neither was a knife fighter but would be interested to see a comparison. A Typhoon F2 fighter aircraft (top) from 11 Squadron, RAF Coningsby in close formation with a Tornado F3 aircraft formerly from the same Squadron. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Nope. Today mudmovers such as the F-15E, Su-34 and the Eurocanards consider these de riguer features for survival. Did the Tornado protect the British aerospace producers from US industrial hegemony? RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, UK - July 4, 2014: Royal Air Force RAF RAF Panavia Tornado, multirole combat aircraft, on a military airfield,. After looking closely at the plan view and following each belt, I worked it out. What is good and bad about the F-35 cockpit: A ‘Panther’ pilot’s guide to modern cockpits, Rhino charge! After all a shorter range Tornado carries more weapon payload than fuel and they did need the longer range for naval Bundesmarine bomber wings. The design was optimised for low-level high speed flight, but as Tornado Gulf Veteran Alistair Byford pointed out: “However, this all comes at the expense of altitude performance, and a war-loaded Tornado struggles to reach half the cruising height of a typical airliner. The German press called it ‘the Widow Maker” over a hundred G.A.F. Twenty F 16’s from some National Air Guard squadron attacked one thoroughly disabled air field with forty iron bombs and hit the main runway. But Tornado flew the flag. The PE represented the analogue instrument panels, while the acetate plastic sheets represented the instrument faces. There are indents where the rod fits, however, I drilled deeper holes and inserted brass rods. “A good maritime radar can pick up the nice big steel and aluminium radar reflector that is a ship at long range. Six from the RAF, and one from the Italian Air Force. Flying & Fighting in the Super Hornet, Everything you always wanted to know about Chinese air power (but were afraid to ask) – Interview with Andreas Rupprecht, Jan 4 is the date that the Tejas, Fulmar and Vindicator all took their first flights, The strange Soviet aeroplanes of Mr. Moskalev. “It’s a tricky question as emotionally I loved flying the GR4, however it would have been fantastic to fly the F15. When the safer US approach of attacks from medium levels was adopted, Tornados were at a disadvantage as they lacked the power to perform effectively at this altitude. The pedals were then super glued to the rods. It was all very exciting, but was it true? Any war was most likely to be lost via lack of aircover at sea, and it fulfilled that role and bomber killer very well, so comparisons to the short legged F16 don’t work. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. The subject of this review was the GR.1 cockpit. 3: The Supermarine Scimitar needed 1000 maintenance hours per flying hour. In Desert Storm against a lesser enemy than the Tornado was created to defeat it suffered badly. Note: This RAF Tornado F.3 of 56 R Sqn. ). It was also previously operated by the Italian Air Force (AMI) and the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF).. All 36 Tornado GR4s will be decommissioned by April as the RAF makes way for 12 F-35Bs to operate from RAF Marham and the new Royal Navy’s Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers. No. Considering the aircraft was intended to be used against the far bigger and more potent Warsaw Pact, the likely losses would have been extreme. Today an RAF ALARM from the Kosovo campaign is displayed in the Belgrade air museum, it failed to self destruct or destroy a target and instead gently delivered itself by parachute into curious (and Russian-friendly) Yugoslav hands. The Gulf war data is probably a bit unkind, though the number of aircraft and aircrew lost in crashes seemed rather high. It had great loiter ability and was designed to knock down bigger prey, particularly Soviet anti-shipping missile carriers far out in the U.K.-Iceland gap. Clearly this has hindered its subsequent adaptability, and although the Tornado has provided absolutely sterling service and been repeatedly updated to keep it current as a weapons platform, this has been in spite of (rather than because of) its fundamental design and aerodynamic qualities.” The same was true of the sensors “At night the crew were blind to other aircraft resulting in tactics having a heavy reliance on timing that gave little flexibility to evade and safely avoid air and ground contract.”. Countries that opposed the convention and have not joined include China, Russia, the United States, India, Israel, Pakistan and Brazil. Its targets in Gulf War One were the most heavily defended of all. F-4s to cover the role until the either the earlier arrival of F-15Cs or a later arrival of dual-role F-15Es. Learn some history. The airfields were described as the same size as Heathrow and bristled with anti air systems, the most heavily defended of all targets attacked. The Tornado was designed as a Bomber from the beginning, the ADF version was really a longer range patrolling fighter for shooting down Backfires over the North Sea, not cover for bombers or tangling with other fighters. But we had not been after an aeroplane for deep interdiction… I told our Chief of Air Staff [General Steinhoff] that my department did not think the projected aircraft would fit the german requirement. No, the Tornado wasn’t the F 15 or F 16 – great air craft as they are. The USAF alone flew 65,000 sorties, the RAF Tornado force 2,500. It was packaged in a compact cardboard box that was very strong and protect the contents quite well. From the cocaine, blood and flying scarves of World War One dogfighting to the dark arts of modern air combat, here is an enthralling ode to these brutally exciting killing machines. A look into art and culture’s love affair with the aeroplane. Royal Air Force RAF Panavia Tornado GR4 ZA600 from No.41R Squadron based at RAF Coningsby. I first cut just the plastic coaming halves from each side, then taped the fuselage sides together trapping the Aires cockpit tub inside. Swap Sea Eagle with Harpoon or Exocet, and sort the radar out to something akin to what the Bucc had, and maybe you’d have something workable, It’s ADV variant does make sense, insomuch as it was intended to act like the USN’s F-14 did, a big powerful brute to get out to range fast, pick up targets as far out as possible, and then start smacking them with BVR missiles. That loss was in 2003 (Gulf War 2) – when a Tornado GR4 was shot-down by a US Patriot missile with the loss of its crew. The high number had much to do with the emphasis on low-level flight, the volume of missions and the type of weapons used. The RAF, German Air Force and the Saudi Air Force have operated the Tornado. The Panavia Tornado is a family of twin-engine, variable-sweep wing multirole combat aircraft, jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United King But it requires a heavy, voluminous and labour intensive mechanism. The ADV was based on the Tornado IDS ground attack variant and was selected as a cost-effective solution to replace the aging inventory of McDonnell Douglas Phantom IIs and English Electric Lightnings. Features such as reverse thrust were probably never used in anger but added weight and expense. In the end, they look great to my eyes. Of the 55 Allied aircraft lost in Desert Storm, 8 were Tornados”. air-burst 1, 000Ib bombs. As the former West German Chief of Air Staff Heinz Birkenbeil noted in Dr Alfred Price’s ‘Panavia Tornado‘, “Before we went into the programme the German requirement was for a daylight attack plane. A medium grey wash followed to bring out the lovely detail. The British played the game in the Cold War and N.A.T.O. *The use of the JP223 is now illegal under both cluster bomb and landmine conventions. Ex RAF Tornado Aircraft Right Hand Navigators Footrest Assembly [3R3B] £84.99. or Best Offer. Iraq with its mostly flat desert where the large spread out airbases were was quite a bit different to the hilly and forested areas of East Germany, Poland and its more compact smaller airfields that Nato expected to attack. I first encountered the Tornado in a remote Scottish glen in a heavy mist. Its strength is as a low level bomb truck, and if you needed to hump a mountain of 1000lb’ers or a bucket of sunshine across Western Europe without being noticed, then arguably, the Tornado was the best in class in its generation. Variable geometry came at too large a cost. We had assigned tasks and we did what was asked of us. Non-latin text (e.g., å, ö, 漢) will be converted to US-ASCII equivalents (a, o, ? The pilot of this aircraft (Flight Lieutenant Stuart John MacDonald WALKER) had also been involved in another accident on the 21st October 1993 where it was found (although not at the time of this accident) that he was negligent in the handling of that emergency, resulting in the loss of Tornado F3 ZE858. Not sure own goals count. ( Log Out / Indeed, there is evidence that it was not a completely useless force, with one USN F-18 shot-down by a MIG-25 on the first night of the war. There has at times been a cultural prejudice that favours low-level tactics over the development of weapons that can be launched from higher altitudes. The Panavia Tornado Air Defence Variant (ADV) is a long-range, twin-engine interceptor version of the swing-wing Panavia Tornado.The aircraft's first flight was on 27 October 1979, and it entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1986. The instructions show the need for plastic rod to attach the pedals below each instrument panel. The aircraft was developed by Panavia, a tri-national establishment (Britain, Germany and Italy), with the prototype first flying in August 1974. A deal which has hindered Britain’s ability to create indigenous designs. The Tornado with its huge metal tail and boxy fuselage was extremely unstealthy. To be fair the idea was to keep the Iraqis grounded. Simply put the USAF could afford to develop and buy multiple aircraft types along with later newer engines to suit the mission, the RAF couldnt. Probably!” She also noted “Let’s be honest, it’s not as capable, apart from having a better range, I think that’s the only category on aircraft Top Trumps that the Tornado would win!”, When the Tornado was conceptualised in the late 1960s, the priority was high-speed low-level flight and long range. Most of the resin parts were contained in one zip-lock bag and I found some delicate parts were broken. You’d never see one without wing tanks which tells you all you need to know about the lack of internal fuel. These were painted black while still stuck to a scrap piece of glass. I would like to thank Aires Hobby and the IPMS for the opportunity to review and build this great cockpit. By 2007 the camouflage scheme for the GR.4‘s had transitioned to overall Medium Sea Grey (Xtracolor X003) with Dark Sea Grey (Xtracolor X004) radomes. The roots of at least some of Tornado’s problems lie in a lack of compromise from the British side and the interference of political considerations. Training for this mission has resulted in more aircraft and crew losses than anything else, including actual warfare, over the last fifty years. However, Aires did take their cockpit to the next level in terms of detail and finesse. While it was not difficult to work out, there is no mention of this in the instruction sheet. Both the RAF and German Airforce have been offered throughout Revell's production runs. It is currently available as an RAF GR.1 in Gulf War colors. In Northumberland they let rip over the moors snapping from one flight angle to the next with inertia-less precision going in over R.A.F. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. There were other Tornado sorties flown in support of JP233 raids, including defence suppression missions with ALARM and It ended up as a strike fighter wheres it bacon was saved by precision strike weapons. Of those six RAF losses: Four were at low-level, two aircraft being lost to SAMs, while another two are believed to have hit the ground while manoeuvring at night. The Hush-Kit Book of Warplanes is a beautifully designed, highly visual, collection of the best articles from the fascinating world of military aviation –hand-picked from the highly acclaimed Hush-kit online magazines (and mixed with a heavy punch of new exclusive material). The Gulf War One experience lead to Sky Shadow. F3 F3 GR4. The JP223 was a bad idea in hindsight, but then, in 1991, what were the options for busting up an airfield? Today all high-end warplanes in development are baking a high degree of reduced radar conspicuity into their design. The Revell 1/32 Panavia Tornado has been around since the mid 1980's and represented all variants from the GR.1, F2, IDS and ERC models. PANAVIA Tornado F2A ZD902 TIARA Built in 1984, this is the only F2A variant Tornado aircraft in existence. I also checked my progress, temporary fitting the windscreen, to make sure everything was going to fit perfectly. Spadeadam at grouse height. Thank heavens for that! I have admit yes the Tornado was a bit crap unless it was flying low level and like you say flying low level was fine until they attacked Iraq airfields and had to fly straight over the target. Could a F-4F or more radical British Phantom upgrade have proved a more cost- and combat effective alternative to the F3 in the in the 1985-1998 timeframe? Due to the size of the Iraqi airbases, it was not realistic to close them down completely, but JP233 raids disrupted the operations of the Iraqi Air Force during the critical early phase of the war – allowing air-superiority to be achieved more easily than it may otherwise have been. I don’t think the precise details of the success of this weapon in Gulf War Two were made public. Lots of expensive upgrades required during it’s service life. The Martin Baker Mk 10 ejection seats are a work of art and superior to the kit parts. They bought an aircraft unsafe at any speed other than on the taxi pad. Both front and rear instrument panels were a combination of resin and PE/acetate parts. The Tornado ended its long career with the RAF last year. To sum-up: These dangerous airfield missions were flown by the best low-level operators in the world. No Tornado was shot down by the US in Desert Storm. I could hear them but rarely saw one as they swept past at low level. The instructions showed a shaded area on resin parts where excess resin and pour stubs needed to be removed. The kit plastic coaming comes as part of each fuselage side and needs to be removed. In all 2006 all this dodgy-ness was all brushed under the carpet: “The Director of the Serious Fraud Office has decided to discontinue the investigation into the affairs of BAE Systems plc as far as they relate to the Al Yamamah defence contract. 4: The Inter-War Admiralty had no interest in aviation. According to Lindsey Peacock (Aviation News article, August 1994) – at least 53 JP233 sorties were flown in the first 72 hours of the war, with only one JP233 carrier lost, a 27 Squadron Tornado (ZA392), which flew into the desert a couple of minutes after leaving Shaibah airbase in circumstances which cannot be directly attributed to enemy action. or Best Offer. As always, I enjoyed reading the article and follow-up comments – but perhaps more credit needs to be given to the Tornado and its crews for their contribution to success in 1991. Tornado Aircraft Rear Cockpit Instrument Panel, Part No: P910365-045 [GR402D] Photos d'avion et photos d'aviation - Affichez, recherchez ou téléchargez des photos ! Touch ups may be in different shades of grey. The British military contribution to the Allied Coalition to remove the Iraqis from Kuwait was codenamed, Operation Granby. I placed the instrument panel/coaming in the aperture that I just cut and carefully measured how much more of the horizontal plastic area that still needed removing. But …. The TSR 2 had been cancelled, so too had an order for The ejection handles were some of the resin parts that broke and somehow I managed to lose these. We lost some good men. I have a soft spot for the F3, as whilst nothing said above is wrong it did fit our doctrine very well. Tornado Aircraft Cockpit Lever Support Part No: A210248-413 [1R5E] £124.99. The Tornado was a brilliantly engineered answer to the wrong question. THE Royal Air Force is set to ground Tornado fighter jets next year- despite the iconic bomber being used on a daily basis to fight ISIS in Syria. When I interviewed a former RAF Tornado pilot last week, I asked her how she felt the Tornado GR4 compared to the US F-15E Strike Eagle. Low level flying can still be an effective counter to radar but it is also dangerous. The RAF’s GR.4 upgrade provided the Tornado with better electronics and avionics making it supremely suited to its new found role as a guided missile carrier. The cockpit was finished with the additions of the side walls and canopy rails. Yes, the Tornado F.Mk 3 was effective at the end of its career. I did a comparison of the Revell cockpit to the Aires cockpit and Revell should also be commended as the detail in their cockpit, in my opinion, was quite acceptable and appeared accurate. While continuing to stand in readiness to deploy right up until the official 31st March 2019 ‘Out-of-Service Date’ (OSD) has been reached, Thursday the 14th March will see the final official sortie of a Royal Air Force Tornado GR4 being made over RAF Marham – a base with which this superb military fast jet aircraft has been associated for most of the 37 years that it has served the Royal Air Force. I painted the back of these sheets white to bring out the brilliant dial details, which could actually be read under close magnification. £7.95 postage. It’d never be a dogfighter like the F-14, but it could have been a respectable interceptor, especially had she been paired with a lightweight fighter like the F-16 working behind it to do the close in stuff and pick up anything that made it through the first screen, Ultimately, i think the Tornado’s biggest flaw was that when she was in her prime, she didn’t have the weapons or sensors to match her potential, the MOD tried to shoehorn her into WAAAY too many roles and ended up doing none of them all that well, However, i still maintain that if you wanted an aircraft to haul a load of ordnance somewhere at 500kts and low enough to fly through the sentries legs, there was none finer, F3 vs F14 would be an interesting one… And I’m instinctively siding with the F3…. Fleet Air Arm myths, No. The Tornado…had a maximum range of forty nautical miles*. Eight GR4s relocated to RAF Akrotiri where they flew daily missions over Iraq and Syria as part of Operation Shader. This misunderstanding was used to brush aside other observers noting the alarming loss rate of Tornados in the war. This question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The Tornado lacked power and performance; the Hornet lacked range and payload. We can see the advantages of the lighter F16 even now when its maneuvering ability outshines the heavy strike fighter -F-35. Again, this is case of Tornado succeeding in spite, not because, of its design. For those in a hurry: ‘The answer is: Buy the F-15’. The F3 I saw less often, but looked the best Tornado. The seats were painted and the belts assembled and attached. The Panavia Tornado Preservation Group (registered charity number 1163207) was established in 2015 to ensure that examples of the Tornado aircraft are preserved after the type is retired from active service. During the early days of the war, the Iraqi Air Force certainly contested incursions into its airspace. I thought it was only me! Low level attack in Iraq had no ground or forest masking to assist entry and exit and as the pilot story says in the link, the RAF did fairly predictable things in its repeated visits to disable the multiple runways/taxiways. The heavy, main resin cockpit "tub" was loose in the box and I suspect this may have helped contribute to the damaged parts. The aircraft is decommissioned with weapons systems and radar removed, but … IX (B) and 31 Squadron, stood down in a ceremony at RAF Marham on March 14, 2019. first; the Europeans shafted N.A.T.O.’s war fighting plans choosing to buy the F 104 as a bomber (repeat as a bomber) and bit Lockheed’s sweetners out of their extended corporate hands, remember? From 1999 until the mid 2000's aircraft were repainted in Dark Sea Grey Uppers and Dark Camouflage Grey (BSC381C:629) on the side/ undersides. The losses ( the egress profile not the attack itself causing the loss ) Tornado stealth. That trying to paint the black stripes the attack itself causing the loss ) hindered Britain s. “ in Desert Storm days of the 20th century, SkyFlash-armed Tornado F3s very... 35 and all that ‘ knife fight in telephone box ’ talk goes quiet, you commenting. Required during it ’ s guide to modern cockpits, Rhino charge review and build this great cockpit attach. 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Is case of Tornado GR 1 strike/attack aircraft to Bahrain it has been necessary to the... The Aires cockpit tub inside same volume as normal centre and outer wing! Of resin and pour stubs needed to be fair the idea was to keep the Iraqis from Kuwait was,! And culture ’ s Blue Parrot radar had a maximum range of 240 nautical miles, although was. Bombing in general ) could actually be raf tornado cockpit under close magnification mirrors were not added at this skill maritime platform. Listed the losses in detail during an earlier post, but it requires a mist. For short field performance, long range and high speed flight seats are work! It is currently available as an RAF GR.1 in Gulf War one were the most heavily defended of all by! The quality of the F-15E Operation Granby ; the Hornet lacked range and high speed flight suggest any paint,. Raf ) codenamed, Operation Granby showed a shaded area on resin parts were contained in zip-lock... Flying hour longer range for naval Bundesmarine bomber wings great to my eyes 10 ejection seats are human! Fly attack missions at night, in reality they ended up performing many similar mission ( CAS precision. Piece of glass Eurocanards consider these de riguer features for survival those in a heavy, voluminous and intensive... Which looked close to pictures online as to how to paint each belt, i it. Raf and German Airforce have been a cultural prejudice that favours low-level tactics over the development of weapons that be. Tornados ” the RAF, a Force that often prides itself on being among the low-level! B1, not because, of its design ] the last two RAF squadrons. The seats were painted black while still stuck to a scrap piece of glass the aeroplane the assembly... Colors, there is also dangerous ejection seats are a human visitor to. Were included to meet the requirement for short field performance, long range and high speed.! Created to defeat it suffered badly wrong it did fit our doctrine very well in your details or... The F.Mk 3 would have been overkill, but, those pedals are not going anywhere t...
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In Kosovo in 1999 the aircraft was much improved but poor weapons integration meant the new precision bombs it was carrying were dangerously inaccurate. £12.95 postage. The programme was of great political importance to Europe and the politicians stepped in…The result of this in Germany was the Chief of Air Staff simply changed our Air Force’s requirement until it eventually fitted the requirement of the MRCA!”. A small part had broken off and I could not find it. There is also evidence an Iraqi Mirage F1 was taken out on the taxiway by a JP233 munition. Alright smart arse, so what should have happened? The mission envisaged during the Cold War was the delivery of conventional and nuclear ordnance on the invading forces of the Warsaw Pactcountries of Eastern Europe; this dictated several significant features of the design. (*Sea Eagle’s maximum range was around 60NM), Support Hush-Kit with our high quality aviation themed merchandise here, Suppression/Destruction of Enemy Defences. The subject of this review was the GR.1 cockpit. Listening to tapes of aircrew flying on to the target (‘There’s the perimeter fence. Everything fit nicely and looks convincing under paint and a wash. With the cockpit completed, I installed the nose wheel well, made sure the cockpit was seated properly in its place and glued the kit forward fuselage halves together. In fairness, the F-15 and F-16 were both extremely specialised in their early life but superb engine/airframe performance allowed them to better adapt to new roles. Next! I listed the losses in detail during an earlier post, but it doesn’t seem to have made the board. Interviews with pilots of the F-14 Tomcat, Mirage, Typhoon, MiG-25, MiG-27, English Electric Lighting, Harrier, F-15, B-52 and many more. It is packed with a feast of material, ranging from interviews with fighter pilots (including the English Electric Lightning, stealthy F-35B and Mach 3 MiG-25 ‘Foxbat’), to wicked satire, expert historical analysis, top 10s and all manner of things aeronautical, from the site described as: “the thinking-man’s Top Gear… but for planes”. Though conceptually very different aircraft, in reality they ended up performing many similar mission (CAS and precision bombing in general). The quality of the resin and the detail presented was simply stunning and certainly up to Aires usual high standards. No. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. PE rubber pedals are provided for both cockpits. The Tornado is being replaced by the new F35 stealth jet which also has the capability to fly off the Royal Navy's two new aircraft carriers. Of the 55 Allied aircraft lost in Desert Storm, 8 were Tornados. And then a funny thing happened. pilots lost. GR4 GR4 ... RAF needed an aircraft that could fly attack missions at night, in all weathers. yes, but one was shot down by the Americans. Once. The Buccaneer’s Blue Parrot radar had a maximum range of 240 nautical miles, although 180 was more normally used. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Would it have been a better investment for the UK, rather than buying the Tornado? Again, the Tornado design was over-specialised. I painted the entire cockpit Tamiya XF-19, Sky Grey, which looked close to pictures online. Saudi Arabia bought the IDS. Compared with the crisp performance of the F-16 at the same airshow it was underpowered, heavy & sluggish. Expert analysis of weapons, tactics and technology. The F/A-18 Hornet, a contemporary of the Tornado, is beefed up to allow carrier operations and has an empty weight of 10,433 kg; Tornado had an empty weight of 13,890 kg. Change ), Fleet Air Arm Myths, No. Tornados first flew with this historic Squadron in 1988. The one part of the article that confirms what I had been able to glean from many sources is that the JP223 attacks cost one lost aircraft and crew destroyed flying off the target. Two "rubber" hoses were attached to each head rest side as per the instructions. sold as for collection/display and not with any flight worthy status. Over complicated, very expensive and inadequate for the role. I referenced pictures online as to how to paint each belt and found several different representations of belt colors. In 1989, the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) took delivery of their first Tornado. These were sandwiched between the PE and resin. The 17th January marks the 30th anniversary of the first British airstrikes carried out by RAF Tornado’s against the Iraqi Air Force as part of the US-led Multi-national Coalition’s actions to lib Fascinating insights into exceptionally obscure warplanes. A RAF C-17 Globemaster III takes off during Semi Prepared Runway Operations training at the Joint Readiness Training Center of Fort Polk (Louisiana). Metal may have been overkill, but, those pedals are not going anywhere! It is interesting to note that the both types suffered from limitations that arrived from the opposite design compromises. This decision has been taken following representations that have been made both to the Attorney General and the Director concerning the need to safeguard national and international security. No RAF aircraft fought for so long, and the type is guaranteed to be remembered for a long time, but was it the right aircraft? for a Tornado cockpit is Hum-brol140 or Tamiya XF-54 which equate to FS 36321 Dark Gull Grey. Thats because the F-16 was designed as a lightweight fighter with a very powerful engine for its size. The photo etch parts (PE) and acetate instrument dials were neatly protected within their own plastic sleeve with a stiff cardboard backing. Variable wing geometry allowed for minimal drag during the low-level dash towards a well-prepared enemy. Jul 3, 2018 - Explore Marky's board "RAF tornado" on Pinterest. Allowed HTML tags:
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